Player is loading...
The development of a healthy brain
Michael Gazzaniga, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Thursday, Oct. 22, 2015 · 9:16 a.m. · 39m 07s
Embed
Transcriptions
Note: this content has been automatically generated.
00:00:00
I say to his wife again he's still
00:00:04
alive Yeah is what you get yeah it's
00:00:16
it's obviously an R great pleasure you
00:00:21
be here. And do carry out. So I'm
00:00:24
trying to survey a vast field of
00:00:28
generally called the converse I asked
00:00:31
having may impact on the brain. And
00:00:36
more more interestingly because of the
00:00:39
particular interest of the this group
00:00:41
but also of this the company how it
00:00:45
impacts on society. And maybe even
00:00:49
touch on some of the ethical issues
00:00:50
that come up when we now know so much
00:00:54
about what happens not only when we
00:00:56
right. But you don't you all in those
00:00:59
kinds a question so it's a it's a
00:01:01
richfield. But we try to do some some
00:01:04
justice to it. So I take a minute by
00:01:07
reminding us what were what it is we're
00:01:10
trying to do. We're trying to make sure
00:01:13
this young lady grows up just fine. wax
00:01:21
oh yes there's no question since I yeah
00:01:28
okay for black yeah I I we need. So and
00:01:40
so I don't think you know or but I I I
00:01:53
don't want or So I'll ever theory about
00:02:01
how the brain does all that and it's a
00:02:03
chore of the neural size neural biology
00:02:07
to try to figure that out and this is
00:02:09
this underlying rating with its eighty
00:02:11
nine billion you always use a number
00:02:13
under layers count as you only have
00:02:15
eighty nine million and not only
00:02:18
nineteen of them or any records extant
00:02:21
far fewer of them are actually from a
00:02:22
low which is the house well of a human
00:02:27
complexity. So it is this question is
00:02:31
is not does this bring this may give us
00:02:33
an organ that create just such a
00:02:35
wonderful thing as the even mind and we
00:02:38
wanna do it in the healthy leeway as
00:02:40
possible and not try to harm. And the
00:02:43
many ways that we single thought that
00:02:46
so I thought I'd to start with a couple
00:02:49
perspective a quick history of
00:02:50
neuroscience has it was first captured
00:02:53
by a group of a American and canadian
00:02:57
sciences a number years ago they were
00:03:00
right off the bat asking the question
00:03:02
will have houses thing built. And
00:03:05
asking that kinda question you had the
00:03:07
car all actually sitting there in the
00:03:08
left panel marquee and and I'll have
00:03:12
then there were very interested in in
00:03:14
the questions what are the brains
00:03:16
general principles anywhere
00:03:18
particularly interested in what's
00:03:20
connected what they wanna know what are
00:03:22
the general principles just like
00:03:23
physics is interested in what are the
00:03:25
general principles. And lastly started
00:03:30
his career with a series of studies
00:03:33
trying to figure out how and where the
00:03:35
N gram memory information that we all
00:03:37
experiences how how's that organise in
00:03:40
the brain and it is a series of studies
00:03:42
worry crisscrossed the brain cuddle up
00:03:44
and every which way. And trying to do
00:03:46
damage and find younger. So you get
00:03:49
distracted really just never did. And
00:03:53
so he came up with the theory that all
00:03:54
all brain areas are story all that the
00:03:57
the action of the brain as a whole is
00:03:59
what determines it's function and as I
00:04:03
said there was a sequel potentiality
00:04:05
throughout the whole right and that was
00:04:07
really a remarkable bad idea powerful
00:04:11
idea that was picked up in many
00:04:13
quarters in American science we great
00:04:17
behaviours john he wants and it really
00:04:21
turns out to watch and then and then
00:04:23
lastly were post stocks that harbour
00:04:25
together. And Watson when into so he is
00:04:28
famous that make is famous remarks
00:04:31
about that behaviourism and the
00:04:34
contingencies of reward and punishment
00:04:36
explain all girl on the behaviour as
00:04:39
you said you're in this famous like
00:04:40
give it doesn't healthy infants of my
00:04:42
own specified world to bring them up
00:04:44
and alternative anything bigger are
00:04:46
your position she origin cheap and so
00:04:49
forth. So it was a strong idea then we
00:04:53
what was also enhanced by all wise to
00:04:57
that was the premier basic robe
00:04:59
analysis right actually was a
00:05:01
physiological psychology is looking at
00:05:03
quote higher order things well I was
00:05:06
more of a laboratory neural those yeah
00:05:09
that was always push the ideal function
00:05:12
proceeds for me would take fraud. And
00:05:15
yeah that's important to worry about
00:05:16
onto it and just determine that the way
00:05:19
we neurons to that arm new how to to
00:05:23
lose the are are extra texture
00:05:26
appendage was by first going out there
00:05:28
and not diffuse way and then the
00:05:31
function of the arms stamps back on the
00:05:33
nerves exactly what those nerves would
00:05:36
do in order to enable it to acts like a
00:05:39
like a recorded or that it was his
00:05:44
graduate student or not to then B my
00:05:46
mentor writers parent it through a
00:05:50
little bug into that I thought was easy
00:05:53
define voices where he says lotus
00:05:56
synaptic connections was conceived
00:05:58
would be completely non selective
00:06:00
diffuse and universal downstream
00:06:02
context in other words it grew they're
00:06:05
just throughout their this thing
00:06:06
started behave like an armour than
00:06:08
they're speak a specified so budget
00:06:11
proceeds for as completely one hundred
00:06:14
percent raw. And so that was not a a
00:06:19
good mentor relationship there yeah so
00:06:25
that was writers very himself came
00:06:27
along. And just turned everything
00:06:31
upside down is everybody knows movies
00:06:33
were showing in the specific growth the
00:06:35
nature of of growth and development in
00:06:39
the nervous system later with the
00:06:40
strain of experiments very simple in
00:06:43
major taken from I turned upside down a
00:06:47
degrees. And see the frog would adapt
00:06:49
to learn to throws telling in the right
00:06:53
direction so the exact opposite because
00:06:55
of the surgery the frog never did and
00:06:57
they would guy making the incorrect
00:07:00
movement yeah into another there is a
00:07:03
real experiments and says she showed
00:07:05
out there fibres Woodruff specifically
00:07:08
to a particular point they would plough
00:07:10
through. And not make synaptic
00:07:12
connections in if they were put in the
00:07:14
wrong part according there had to be
00:07:16
some kind of no chemical match it was
00:07:18
about the size in order for the
00:07:21
specificity of the brain to be realise
00:07:24
and maybe that yeah oh gene studies
00:07:26
were done in those days to argue for
00:07:29
that point of view yeah that notion
00:07:32
that there is biologic specificity that
00:07:35
there's a lot as we were coming from
00:07:37
the factory that the specification of
00:07:39
the brain is a huge issue is a
00:07:44
recurring theme a neural biology with
00:07:46
modifications which are important I'll
00:07:48
get to but it's also so it serves a
00:07:50
basis of modern compared to work with
00:07:53
the we're currently require boxer and
00:07:55
john costs where it basically show that
00:07:57
the basic plan for how the raiders
00:08:00
organised and and the we're and saying
00:08:03
throughout and all this led with this
00:08:06
is this is really skipping along the
00:08:09
top of a gazillion papers but I'll try
00:08:12
to capture the context for one are we
00:08:14
talking about all this is led to the
00:08:18
notion that sort of that nature is
00:08:20
destiny this cartoon captures a lot of
00:08:25
the work that subsequently wish on that
00:08:28
one identical twins separated parents
00:08:31
but they show up at some later point
00:08:34
life they were marvel at how similar
00:08:37
they are and this became welded in the
00:08:40
minds of many that yeah your DNA is
00:08:45
your destiny and there's just a whole
00:08:47
lot you can do about it. Well I think
00:08:49
start to change from destiny to
00:08:51
interaction while the the picture on
00:08:55
the left remote sure for time shows the
00:08:58
specificity of nerves going are wrong
00:09:00
to a particular point space again
00:09:02
underlining this neural specificity
00:09:05
point whereas the the pictures to the
00:09:08
right show how the synaptic density and
00:09:11
like and the cat cortex varies as a
00:09:15
function of the extent of exposure to
00:09:17
light as it goes through a development
00:09:19
so the notion was that there's activity
00:09:22
dependent learning that well we know as
00:09:25
maybe going to Switzerland made me
00:09:30
decide which town to live in and this
00:09:33
notion of the activity of the neural
00:09:36
that is being carried in their own
00:09:38
that's growing actually modifies the
00:09:40
actual synaptic a a locality Abbott is
00:09:44
of course a huge idea which has all
00:09:46
sorts of implications going today. So
00:09:49
if you take the break you in fifty one
00:09:52
I didn't shave yet the notion was that
00:09:57
there were your biology reality which
00:09:59
resulted in the organism which then a
00:10:02
resulted in the adult and that was a
00:10:04
pretty a pretty strong of you. And then
00:10:07
what happened yeah in the last sixty
00:10:10
years that sixty five years is that
00:10:13
everybody realise that there is a very
00:10:15
dynamic nature in interaction with the
00:10:17
environment such that there's all kinds
00:10:19
of happy genetic forces influencing the
00:10:22
developing child. And then as I'll try
00:10:24
to sketch there may be psycho social
00:10:28
forces that are I'm very much involved
00:10:30
in taking the develop training
00:10:33
continuing to modify at affecting how
00:10:36
common variation well in our cognition
00:10:39
lives. So these answers are are really
00:10:45
answer the extent of oh it's the nature
00:10:49
nurture and everybody knows there's no
00:10:51
no interaction that we have in a only
00:10:54
now by matter means but that doesn't
00:10:57
mean we shouldn't go for Reading
00:10:59
continue to examine information and try
00:11:03
to understand more and that start to
00:11:05
remember years ago with the
00:11:07
breathtaking work of a maybe double and
00:11:09
Orson weasel they said policy on this
00:11:11
thing works in the sink someone
00:11:13
electrodes into a primary century
00:11:15
system the visual cortex to the cat as
00:11:17
it were there let's start saying if we
00:11:20
can see have these neurons response to
00:11:23
various kinds of discrete stimulate. So
00:11:26
in fact they did that and they put
00:11:28
electrodes in the cat may discover the
00:11:31
release things call that that actual ad
00:11:33
edge detectors at they had certain
00:11:34
orientation the other certain or
00:11:37
organisation supporting an and then
00:11:40
kind of integrating with the work of
00:11:42
the runabout that also came up with the
00:11:44
notion among other things of cortical
00:11:47
columns and and how these portable
00:11:49
columns are we're very specifically for
00:11:52
a range so they can compute particular
00:11:54
functions they were localise of all and
00:11:57
if one could all to really understand
00:11:59
the subtleties of interaction rules
00:12:00
cortical files an actual mechanism
00:12:03
could be hers that would explain
00:12:05
whatever function was it yeah now that
00:12:08
was exciting I what are you it was
00:12:10
exciting to see that people in nineteen
00:12:14
sixty we're thinking about you know a
00:12:18
violation the red here maybe little
00:12:20
fall off this cliff there yeah it
00:12:23
wasn't very subtle but it was all you
00:12:27
had an along in cube always all amount
00:12:29
castle and the individual lecture
00:12:32
approach people seem off to the races
00:12:34
so much so that that I dropped what I
00:12:37
was doing. And what to really from cal
00:12:42
tech. And where would you wanna bring
00:12:44
looking chart tomorrow it slightly and
00:12:46
with that because of the split brain
00:12:49
where you're referred to by the
00:12:50
recogniser we thought we were gonna
00:12:52
bayless sucker once and for all we know
00:12:56
that a patient fixated the point you
00:12:59
put some information on one side of the
00:13:01
visual field the left say that they
00:13:03
were gonna speaker out about it had to
00:13:05
go through the corpus colossal. So we
00:13:08
were gonna stick our lecture and the
00:13:10
corpus calls them. And figure out the
00:13:12
the brains morse code once and for all
00:13:16
well and we actually just to reminisce
00:13:21
a little bit we actually got rights to
00:13:25
you magic sending and today as a yeah I
00:13:29
so there we were in these are also not
00:13:33
months of preparation which abound mean
00:13:35
jack about the day comes with the cats
00:13:37
prepare screen is up the projector
00:13:40
showing the the edge. And electron is
00:13:44
getting lowered into the corpus billows
00:13:47
of the speakers are on every that
00:13:48
everybody's waiting great anticipation
00:13:51
without sure we'll hear the morse code.
00:13:53
And what we heard was the Beatles to we
00:13:56
all live in the know a separate coming
00:13:59
through just as Clarence about and we
00:14:02
realise that some ground loop of an
00:14:04
occurred. But but sliding very calmly
00:14:08
and with a great fine and of all
00:14:11
Italians now that is what I basically
00:14:15
should have and we moved on to greater
00:14:17
things. So ah yeah let's if years
00:14:22
there's gonna select select the
00:14:24
variance with fifty years it's nothing
00:14:25
in your ministry development of the
00:14:28
brain imaging it was also referred to
00:14:30
by darker gas or from the original
00:14:32
somebody original efforts where there
00:14:35
is less than that have to wrestle
00:14:36
involved in the strength to the bank
00:14:38
that to try to figure out what was
00:14:39
going on in the right to the latest
00:14:42
technologies others or Miller bill in
00:14:48
his new menace so it and then they have
00:14:50
T magnet. So to a tenfold increase in
00:14:55
the capacity. And with the high field
00:14:58
madness to question the the desire is
00:15:01
that maybe you could go back to those
00:15:02
cortical columns I mentioned before and
00:15:05
actually measure them in undergraduate
00:15:08
and a regular old human looking at
00:15:11
something that was a presented to them
00:15:14
and then on the riddles that is carried
00:15:17
out by another a Heidi Heidi feels
00:15:20
under really are available in fact it's
00:15:24
done that is taken look at the response
00:15:28
of the cortical columns to edge
00:15:31
detectors are two patterns alive you're
00:15:33
moving in one direction up to the
00:15:35
laughter up to the right. And then
00:15:37
recording over the interior in humans.
00:15:41
And noticing that the different
00:15:43
cortical column this is these are
00:15:46
recordings at the kilometre level of
00:15:48
moving in one direction when one set of
00:15:51
the line is presented another this is a
00:15:54
really ongoing research study you
00:15:57
allowed me to show this to because it's
00:15:59
just an example of how specific another
00:16:02
credibility dramatic. We ability to
00:16:05
study the human brain and actually has
00:16:07
been well and then I looking at
00:16:10
cortical atrophy and just the
00:16:12
connections annoyingly service that
00:16:13
were mentioned earlier that are so
00:16:15
important in understanding ultimate
00:16:17
technique again that these were things
00:16:20
that were started long long time ago
00:16:23
but they were kinda funny in retrospect
00:16:26
there's that pretty they were okay as
00:16:29
opposed to what can be done now one in
00:16:32
particular that we were involved in I
00:16:34
was the weather march even day who was
00:16:37
actually is still there and was on for
00:16:40
many years was to take cross sections
00:16:43
from have structural of our eyes. And
00:16:46
map them on a piece of paper in it's
00:16:49
cross section draw them out seriously
00:16:52
and then put these together and try to
00:16:54
flatten the cortex and see if you could
00:16:56
measure the differences between the the
00:17:00
Darren software patterns of individuals
00:17:02
well to do one map one person so three
00:17:05
months and a lot of a lot of swearing a
00:17:08
lot of that cursing. And a lot of
00:17:10
despair. And never amount to much and
00:17:15
now your example minimalism to do this
00:17:19
here's an example from alan Evans that
00:17:21
make you know where the whole thing can
00:17:23
be done with the push of the button
00:17:25
once this man has been collected and
00:17:29
with this the hope is that someday
00:17:32
there'll be a a way of basically taking
00:17:35
this picture saying variations in
00:17:37
general so cool patterns along with the
00:17:42
sort of along with being able to look
00:17:45
at cortical thickness of being able to
00:17:46
detect the maturity of the brain
00:17:49
throughout like a by simply of sticking
00:17:52
your head in the scanner abutting the
00:17:54
algorithms the work so innocent
00:17:56
astounding advances all with this now.
00:17:59
And the point is that these are now the
00:18:01
tools that are ready to be applied
00:18:03
gazillion problems I think most of you
00:18:05
room you think of related to your work.
00:18:08
And then finally just an advance is
00:18:10
here the incredible dances to detecting
00:18:18
connectivity in the brain will the
00:18:22
increased power the magnets will be
00:18:24
increased beauty of the algorithms to
00:18:27
look at the data point now get
00:18:30
incredibly fine to descriptions of the
00:18:34
white matter projections and with that
00:18:36
make correlations about how that
00:18:38
pattern actually re is reflected in the
00:18:40
lexical function. So yes all then and
00:18:48
always pretty pictures this all then
00:18:50
brings us up to what I really want to
00:18:53
tell you about which is that the
00:18:56
questions of how all this amounts to a
00:18:59
capacity to look at issues and and
00:19:01
brain development and their impact on
00:19:04
society and I broke down into sort of
00:19:07
what I call good news which is me good
00:19:10
medical management we can find out a
00:19:12
lot about Reading and Reading disorders
00:19:13
now and possibly proposals
00:19:15
interventions for the poor reader or
00:19:18
looking at how like an animal model in
00:19:21
concert really you model is looking at
00:19:25
the role of depression during pregnancy
00:19:28
and be a pharmacological interventions
00:19:30
I can help in that situation. And the
00:19:33
bad is is we met malnutrition issue
00:19:37
where it's impact and got a microbe
00:19:39
either yeah the brain looking at the
00:19:44
very important topic in American
00:19:46
culture not sure here as well about
00:19:49
concussions that are occurring in
00:19:51
normal sports is such an issue in the
00:19:53
united states. But there's actually
00:19:55
predictions that within five years or
00:19:58
ten years depending on who you ask
00:20:00
mother simply wanna other boys like
00:20:03
football. And I would be just a ruined
00:20:06
by Sunday afternoons for the rest of my
00:20:08
life. So that's a big issue and there's
00:20:10
a lot of interesting work going on. And
00:20:14
then finally we we very worry some
00:20:19
affect of a low SES low socioeconomic
00:20:22
status impact versus ICS on actual
00:20:26
right well so out of touch on these and
00:20:29
the roll call of that so the work that
00:20:33
is learning to read it again this is
00:20:36
and I want to emphasise its "'cause"
00:20:37
there's so much talent in this remote
00:20:39
labs to do many similar overlapping
00:20:41
okay I'm picking on some that I happen
00:20:44
to know about but there's lots of work
00:20:47
throughout the world being done on
00:20:48
these issues this is a work coming the
00:20:52
were coming from a every group brand
00:20:54
one tell yeah where they're just taking
00:20:58
the the put the fact that learning to
00:21:00
read is a big fat long process when you
00:21:03
first start to look at it looks like
00:21:05
mumble jumble it takes years to
00:21:08
practise and practise and finally. But
00:21:10
you're Reading and there's people who
00:21:13
read less well than others and they're
00:21:16
not our techniques where you can look
00:21:18
at the underlying physical changes that
00:21:20
are occurring during that really the
00:21:22
process everyone everything from the
00:21:24
neurons them I probably of the bloods
00:21:27
the the the the vascular system
00:21:29
interacts with all the cellular
00:21:31
processes the white matter connections
00:21:34
to the consulting the goes on during
00:21:40
development or Greg can be recaptured
00:21:43
out with their marriage and be
00:21:45
correlated with the state of Reading
00:21:47
capacity with a young child and so you
00:21:52
have the situation whereas say it more
00:21:54
right okay pick us up. So the studies
00:21:57
at one referred you to our by eight men
00:22:01
which a student of a bright models
00:22:03
that's tampered. And they show very
00:22:06
nicely that if you look at the the
00:22:08
argument to secure as the main
00:22:10
connection between the two language
00:22:12
areas of the brain. And you look during
00:22:15
development you see that it's
00:22:17
functional capacity grows in the normal
00:22:20
readers in is identifiable alright. But
00:22:23
you can also see that that functional
00:22:26
capacity of this the structure of
00:22:29
varies all over the place in children
00:22:32
and it turns out they can pull those
00:22:35
those subjects out. And look at their
00:22:37
individual scores and it correlates
00:22:40
very very nicely so there's a
00:22:42
phonological development is unnecessary
00:22:46
during Reading you can see where they
00:22:48
pour readers are not getting the sort
00:22:51
of functional growth in the ski pathway
00:22:55
as where good readers but are and then
00:22:58
if you look at all also the interior
00:23:00
the secular is you can also see where
00:23:05
the this is the major output from the
00:23:07
visual system too. So the auditory
00:23:09
system bit too has impairments that
00:23:13
correlate with good for Reading in this
00:23:15
would be for it complications ago on
00:23:18
within the visual Nigel main itself.
00:23:21
And so they're yeah it men and others
00:23:23
are they have phonological training to
00:23:26
deal with the argument was thinking was
00:23:28
problem. And yeah there right now
00:23:31
working on interventions of might help
00:23:33
in the visual the disruptions that they
00:23:36
could detect through this. So Reading
00:23:39
is a hard thing to do or brains one
00:23:41
bill to read. And the processes by
00:23:45
which we we get a reach train brains in
00:23:49
various degrees and some of them once
00:23:51
again and can can interventions be
00:23:55
brought to parents topic and yes it is
00:23:59
I I think so it looks very very
00:24:00
promising then the pharmacological
00:24:05
interventions during development or
00:24:08
another and here's again the somebody
00:24:10
these things that are being mentioned
00:24:12
there's like brought a mouse models and
00:24:14
they go to human models about smiles
00:24:16
and back again. And this one is because
00:24:19
result being developed in the mouse
00:24:22
model and this is a question of the
00:24:25
price and during pregnancy and the
00:24:28
consequences of D but fees to keep this
00:24:30
in mind as I told you the result
00:24:32
because if you have any a lawyer. We
00:24:35
thoughts in your mind this is where you
00:24:37
would go to work so fifteen percent a
00:24:41
weapon seven from depression during a
00:24:46
pregnancy two hundred thousand babies
00:24:48
exposed and I present a serious united
00:24:51
states figures are exposed to to
00:24:55
antidepressants that during pregnancy.
00:24:59
And so they just ask the question this
00:25:01
is a mouse that longterm effects of to
00:25:05
to hundred presents Lex approach prozac
00:25:07
and these are both search on selective
00:25:10
re uptake inhibitors. And what an end
00:25:14
user UCLA has shown is that maybe skin
00:25:20
appear that that mice exposed selects
00:25:23
row had probably changes in search on
00:25:25
the neurotransmitters work we're like
00:25:27
say age ancients as adults so one track
00:25:31
had a or positive impact in the life of
00:25:36
the serious something roughly grabs up
00:25:38
to to maybe it's like in this mouse
00:25:41
model versus the other group that was
00:25:45
treated with the other drama without
00:25:47
doing this week repeating this in men's
00:25:49
and there's indications that the idea
00:25:52
is going to hold. But just think about
00:25:55
that for a second so so there you are
00:25:59
with your child. And they're showing
00:26:02
some that's in the child goes to school
00:26:06
learns that there were these two drugs
00:26:08
among taken. She chose the wrong one
00:26:12
because that's why I'm a little lacking
00:26:14
now. I think else or for child abuse.
00:26:20
So I provide proposes bizarre scenario
00:26:23
I mean seemingly bizarre scenario yeah
00:26:28
to to and and ceases don't talk about
00:26:33
that that way he says they're already
00:26:35
thinking we legal mine on these issues
00:26:39
jumps right in and sees a case and and
00:26:43
putting aside. It's value as a social
00:26:46
good or not there is a legal argument
00:26:49
to make so these things that were doing
00:26:52
and we're all in there for the the
00:26:54
common good do have these to the
00:26:56
consequences are can have these and
00:26:58
they can ten consequences nice one
00:27:01
solution that because of a couple of
00:27:04
the less topics situation a
00:27:07
microbiology there are so many people
00:27:09
here they're more informed about this
00:27:11
than I am let me just mention of a
00:27:14
paper that has just come out of from
00:27:17
are raquel brain imaging expert is you
00:27:19
know and a student a menu go while
00:27:22
looking at possible effects of
00:27:26
malnutrition on the Michael any points
00:27:29
out the oh course not allowing other
00:27:32
big affects a on the Mike about a a of
00:27:36
true amount pictures in the developing
00:27:38
world but in the local hospital
00:27:41
demonstrated prima use another cases
00:27:43
are similar crises affecting the
00:27:46
microbe and it has a situation where
00:27:51
this very early development from from
00:27:53
birds on various as a failure to have a
00:27:59
proper microbiology for that there's
00:28:02
consequences for the nervous system the
00:28:04
long term they're proposing the fact
00:28:08
that with the details for micro bottle
00:28:11
there is a impact on now which is yeah
00:28:15
impacts like also which is going like
00:28:19
crazy a thousand days out from
00:28:21
development because it is very active
00:28:24
in the development of from all areas in
00:28:26
professional there isn't so that this
00:28:29
expression think Ascii in to a problem
00:28:33
in the developing brain and it's
00:28:35
sculpting and can go on out to as you
00:28:39
know to twenty five or thirty years.
00:28:42
And so you could just see all the
00:28:44
sudden now with modern science and
00:28:46
modern biology. Now. We use just study
00:28:49
terrible thing over in one corner of
00:28:51
the room. And that was all these
00:28:53
capacities the tie together the dynamic
00:28:56
nature of the underlying biology
00:28:58
sporting all all of our brain studies
00:29:01
see how complicated and which a new
00:29:04
explanations will look like so mark
00:29:08
sums it up in a way that that basically
00:29:11
says so yeah bring conventions. So this
00:29:17
is a this is a is is a big issue in the
00:29:20
united states somebody on on stories as
00:29:24
well we think of the enough L kind of
00:29:27
whacked brains that you see incendiary
00:29:30
the the other ones are this is called a
00:29:33
order football this year ten twelve
00:29:36
year old who boys or after getting a Y
00:29:39
two K there's a palpable affects a a in
00:29:44
that class of the young athletes well
00:29:47
and in soccer the same thing and what
00:29:50
was the females are male soccer yeah
00:29:53
there's enough work going on down to
00:29:55
suggest that there is an actual terror
00:29:57
there's a potential tearing up the
00:29:59
white matter fibres that goes on well
00:30:02
with multiple concussions and and
00:30:06
multiple impacts. And one colleague
00:30:10
jack and horn has using this technique
00:30:14
all the connect all much can show you
00:30:16
the average like drama how looks them
00:30:18
that richness of colour you see there
00:30:20
is a should "'cause" it is the signal
00:30:22
for the density and health of
00:30:23
connections between areas. And you
00:30:26
compared to people who've had multiple
00:30:28
that injuries and you see that it's a
00:30:31
very deeply affected my colleague at
00:30:34
santa Barbara got wrapped in is trying
00:30:38
to build a database re basically maps
00:30:42
onto the bright every single point the
00:30:46
fibre connections of course through
00:30:48
that point. And to be able to then be
00:30:51
able to analyse if there is a region
00:30:53
here are losing their what the cost is
00:30:55
in terms of the long term connections
00:30:58
and mapping to the to the whole the
00:31:00
whole right. So this is all coming this
00:31:03
very early days some of these things
00:31:05
are are months or a year old but yeah
00:31:09
yes with all the technological advances
00:31:12
it'll get better yeah it'll be quite
00:31:15
straight. So and then here actual
00:31:19
studies of we complete others that have
00:31:21
you know a worry shows any large impact
00:31:24
on mice my favour structure of the
00:31:26
close do you head injuries were in the
00:31:29
blue lines there you see you form a
00:31:32
colossal fibres that should all be
00:31:35
right. So then the second the last
00:31:40
thing quickly is the level of which all
00:31:43
of this is impacting us on
00:31:44
socioeconomic. Well issues. And this is
00:31:47
a new field it's early days there's
00:31:51
questions. But like everything when it
00:31:54
pops up and three or four five or ten
00:31:57
borders. There's something there that
00:31:59
has to be sturdy and study carefully
00:32:02
that is the role of potentially up
00:32:05
poverty and brain function or what's
00:32:07
called low SE as the low socioeconomic
00:32:10
status versus via C as well one of the
00:32:14
first that is was done by colleague
00:32:16
rubber knight is universally Berkeley
00:32:19
he reaches using simple a like a
00:32:21
physiologic measures ERPZ circle. And
00:32:25
he's studying the impact of a well
00:32:28
known paradigm the even have location
00:32:30
of something called a P three hundred
00:32:33
when a novel a stimulus is presented.
00:32:36
And that going through it let me just
00:32:38
say well what happens is that in low
00:32:41
SES kids there is not the ability to
00:32:45
ignore the novel stimulus an attendee
00:32:48
what's called target stimulus so
00:32:50
there's "'cause" it just disruption in
00:32:52
the measurable disruption and the
00:32:54
behaviour and then he with his
00:32:56
recording electrodes can see this
00:32:59
disruption be signified in the natural
00:33:03
physiologic record of was driven by
00:33:05
frontal processes casinos that rather
00:33:07
studies. And the notion is my goodness
00:33:11
this is no bearing on that yeah this is
00:33:12
no injury of that type is the summed
00:33:17
affect low SES environment verses
00:33:22
regular now that's that's a strong
00:33:24
claim that is the claim that is the
00:33:26
data. And it is it is verified by a
00:33:34
number of other studies but there is
00:33:37
one big issue in this field is not yeah
00:33:40
then dressed. And then is is it
00:33:42
absolutely ICS are relative to yeah so
00:33:46
can you can you take a person who has a
00:33:49
job in town a it makes the fifty
00:33:52
thousand dollars a year. And a so you
00:33:55
live in new York city you have that
00:33:57
income your policy yes whereas if you
00:34:01
move the home a K and you have that
00:34:04
same cabinets a man can your high CS
00:34:07
and so it's how you perceive yourself
00:34:09
and the socioeconomic status. I that
00:34:12
would be a relative judgement versus an
00:34:14
absolute sort of measurement and they
00:34:17
haven't done those controls yeah that
00:34:19
in a way that comes out that's gonna be
00:34:22
enters can you make yourself sick wine
00:34:25
not thinking of that your life is as it
00:34:29
has it's worth the matter what you read
00:34:30
and so forth it's so too early to to
00:34:33
look at those matters but you see them
00:34:35
coming down the pike. And finally the
00:34:38
individual variation that we all know
00:34:42
about all parents know that they have a
00:34:44
theory about nature child development
00:34:48
when their first child was born no
00:34:51
wonder second child was born they have
00:34:52
two theories and then the third and so
00:34:56
forth. So the the individual variation
00:34:59
is a part of our lives that we on it.
00:35:03
But then again there's all kinds of
00:35:06
studies that show the the highly varied
00:35:09
ways which are brains are built this
00:35:12
study shows in particular we variations
00:35:15
from a set point and for different
00:35:17
subjects of what how we bring organises
00:35:20
housing project it's one of the fibres
00:35:22
are it's corpus colosseum and that was
00:35:25
assume to have different names that on
00:35:28
cognitive integration between the
00:35:29
hemispheres or still you will number
00:35:32
years ago looking at the variation that
00:35:35
that contributes to the average summary
00:35:38
we see an egg brain activation that
00:35:41
study. And we all worry very used to
00:35:43
seeing these average pictures but then
00:35:46
we find out that if you look at the
00:35:48
twenty or thirty or forty subjects to
00:35:50
go into that the actual responses quite
00:35:53
diverse. And that how people are
00:35:57
responding to assess the merely is
00:35:59
different. So we live any pictures of
00:36:02
this kind of variability or just
00:36:03
getting better. So we we were in the
00:36:07
world were we were are in an age of I I
00:36:11
we're we're gonna call narrow the
00:36:13
virtually the germans pinpoint. Um
00:36:16
mostly by john yeah have reality that
00:36:19
in MIT where he he basically goes
00:36:22
through. And shows that so there's any
00:36:26
number of areas will be basically
00:36:28
reading. Um what are some of the
00:36:30
elements your alcoholism a criminal or
00:36:33
other rear as they can be predicted by
00:36:37
the brain scans of the person because
00:36:39
of their brains can X versus why you
00:36:42
can predict their their future are
00:36:44
behaviour and this is an incredible
00:36:47
power tool that is calm as a result of
00:36:51
the neural advances in our technology
00:36:54
which we're having as I say huge impact
00:36:57
on on how we manage our society. And so
00:37:01
there's the agency called the neural
00:37:02
diversity is upon us citizen's upon
00:37:05
this whole complex thing we already
00:37:07
know about how the brain wind interact.
00:37:10
And how the rights to social
00:37:12
structures. And it winds up with this
00:37:17
age of diversity. And if you read your
00:37:19
science magazine or nature excuse me do
00:37:23
you do that later this we there is is a
00:37:27
very powerful suggestion that one can
00:37:33
now what I read a process the brains of
00:37:38
people. And look at the correlations of
00:37:41
activity in the variance areas
00:37:43
adventures figure out a fingerprint as
00:37:46
it were of that mister Jones this is
00:37:49
this thing is rooted project there's
00:37:51
only one and then you send that into
00:37:54
two hundred other people and we'll it
00:37:58
find Richard marx's see whether
00:38:00
correlation fig in finds it ninety
00:38:02
eight percent of the time according to
00:38:05
the new study so implication of this
00:38:07
for the criminal law system this huge
00:38:11
we can now say that the centre is the
00:38:14
person because we have his brain print
00:38:17
buttons and so forth. So ah that's a
00:38:20
rex time I think we you hear the
00:38:24
studies unit here an extra couple days
00:38:27
in the advances at every level of it.
00:38:29
It's can places sits atop into a better
00:38:33
human neuroscience with that are fuse
00:38:36
for advanced technology and then what
00:38:38
are those going to do the need for how
00:38:40
we run our society is is just simply.
00:38:44
So tying all of this into ethical
00:38:49
social issues of the day is a part of
00:38:53
the story and a part of the work that
00:38:55
rolling and I think we should be adds
Conference Program
Introduction to the 12th Nestlé International Nutrition Symposium
Thomas Beck, NRC Director
Oct. 22, 2015 · 8:57 a.m.
790 views
Introduction to Session I - Cognitive & Brain Development
Susan Gasser, Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel, Switzerland
Oct. 22, 2015 · 9:04 a.m.
164 views
The development of a healthy brain
Michael Gazzaniga, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Oct. 22, 2015 · 9:16 a.m.
398 views
Q&A - The development of a healthy brain
Michael Gazzaniga, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Oct. 22, 2015 · 9:56 a.m.
Early influences on brain development and epigenetics
Stephen G. Matthews, University of Toronto, Canada
Oct. 22, 2015 · 10:49 a.m.
155 views
Q&A - Early influences on brain development and epigenetics
Stephen G. Matthews, University of Toronto, Canada
Oct. 22, 2015 · 11:29 a.m.
Building the physiology of thought
Rebecca Saxe, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
Oct. 22, 2015 · 11:38 a.m.
226 views
Q&A - Building the physiology of thought
Rebecca Saxe, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
Oct. 22, 2015 · 12:10 p.m.
Introduction to Session II - Cognitive Decline
Kathinka Evers
Oct. 22, 2015 · 2:02 p.m.
Brain health & brain diseases - future perspectives
Richard Frackowiak, CHUV University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
Oct. 22, 2015 · 2:11 p.m.
120 views
Alzheimer's disease: genome-wide clues for novel therapies
Rudolph E. Tanzi, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, USA
Oct. 22, 2015 · 3:15 p.m.
Q&A - Alzheimer's disease: genome-wide clues for novel therapies
Rudolph E. Tanzi, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, USA
Oct. 22, 2015 · 3:59 p.m.
Immunometabolic regulators of age-related inflammation
Vishwa D. Dixit, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
Oct. 22, 2015 · 4:21 p.m.
160 views
Q&A - Immunometabolic regulators of age-related inflammation
Vishwa D. Dixit, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
Oct. 22, 2015 · 4:59 p.m.
Introduction to Session III - Nutrition & Cognitive Development
Pierre Magistretti, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia and EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
Oct. 23, 2015 · 9 a.m.
Energy metabolism in long-term memory formation and enhancement
Cristina M. Alberini, The Center for Neural Science, New York University, USA
Oct. 23, 2015 · 9:16 a.m.
413 views
Q&A - Energy metabolism in long-term memory formation and enhancement
Cristina M. Alberini, The Center for Neural Science, New York University, USA
Oct. 23, 2015 · 9:53 a.m.
Building the costly human brain: implications for the evolution of slow childhood growth and the origins of diabetes
Christopher Kuzawa, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
Oct. 23, 2015 · 10:29 a.m.
Q&A - Building the costly human brain: implications for the evolution of slow childhood growth and the origins of diabetes
Christopher Kuzawa, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
Oct. 23, 2015 · 10:57 a.m.
Nutrition, growth and the developing brain
Prof. Maureen Black, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
Oct. 23, 2015 · 11:09 a.m.
152 views
Q&A - Nutrition, growth and the developing brain
Prof. Maureen Black, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
Oct. 23, 2015 · 11:49 a.m.
Introduction to Session IV - Decline & Nutritional Intervention
Tamas Bartfai, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
Oct. 23, 2015 · 12:48 p.m.
179 views
On multi-domain approaches for prevention trials
Miia Kivipelto, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Oct. 23, 2015 · 1:04 p.m.
218 views
Q&A - On multi-domain approaches for prevention trials
Miia Kivipelto, MD, PhD, Karolinska Institutet
Oct. 23, 2015 · 1:39 p.m.
Methodological challenges in Alzheimer clinical development
Lon S. Schneider, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, USA
Oct. 23, 2015 · 1:49 p.m.
124 views
Q&A - Methodological challenges in Alzheimer clinical development
Lon S. Schneider, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, USA
Oct. 23, 2015 · 2:32 p.m.
We are what we remember: memory and age related memory disorders
Eric R. Kandel, Columbia University, New York, USA
Oct. 23, 2015 · 3:03 p.m.
231 views
Concluding Remarks
Stefan Catsicas, Chief Technology Officer, Nestlé SA
Oct. 23, 2015 · 3:50 p.m.
168 views