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so we'll be focus more on the transparency of a c. d. c. n. n.'s
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and that their their structure and how if we increase the if you have more structured
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really is and and uh and operations this may increase transparency
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um so i will first introduced the interplay between transparency how
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we how we think of it and especially for c. n. n.'s
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and how traditionally uh invariance is learned in c. n. n.'s
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i would then present a group occurrence you know and that incorporate it in a
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like a variance in the network and how these increases the the transparency of the network
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and then i represent our work on local a rotation environs with reduced yeah
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but filters for medical imaging for uh n. y. and stands in three d.
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uh and we go through the details and experiments and results
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so first uh we think of interplay b. t. s. two main parts what
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uh the transparency that includes the suitability that
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which is the simplicity of the of the algorithm
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but the compatibility so how we understand each part of the
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network of the the the inputs the feature is each parameter
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uh the the algorithm transparencies so how we
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understand the optimisation uh of the model and hall
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be uh what how we expected generalisation to new data
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and then the other side is the post talks post expired
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ability ah one up to seeing mostly today the visualisation the same
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into maps the examples of a inputs uh and the natural
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language explanations that can explain a preacher a a a trained network
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so transparencies more the on the hawk that's how uh colours was calling it
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uh and we will focus on that the compatibility in the algorithm transparency ah
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so in in c. n. n. c. in the planning in general
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use you have this trade off between depth and transparency among all those
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so if we increase that that the transparency as i define before uh usually reduces because it becomes more complex
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now see the weight sharing and the local connectivity of the convolution operation
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bring some extent of the compatibility and i'm going action fancy as compared to dance network
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and it's also a lot together with the design deficiency of
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the design and equivalence to translation that we see in most uh
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uh image analysis so this is the the degree parents too
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two translations so we if we have an input that is translated on the right the response maps also translated right
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and this is just by definition of the convolution operation and also very basic spread beauty methods so the visualisation
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without our divine ad right from this designs we need this design to use these methods i ah s. l.
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despite what i said before the congressional filters ah scale and rotation selected among others
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and this is a problem because the features the hidden features very lot with
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respect to the german to transformation of the images so if we have larger
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i'm a object uh the the the internal representation woodbury also with rotations
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and then how we tackle this usually in the in the training is
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to input various a representation of the same images at different orientations skate
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the problem with this approach is that uh if we have few parameters social network
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in putting these rotated versions will deteriorates the directionality
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sensitivity that action of sensitivity so we we don't think
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it's a topic filters of conclusion this is the only way to obtain a and rotation in via network
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we've fuel convolution operations but if you have many parameters
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we will and sort of these uh first layer of c.
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n. n.'s that are very common but at the cost
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of a of a heavy computation and and not controlled settings
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so now coming between these equivalence inside this unit has been
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done already in the in the last is so we use prior
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try on data symmetry to explore the uh to exploit it and how could it
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in a scene and architecture like so the the to be example is a good pick a vine c. n. n.
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in which we apply filters at different orientations the same features so we need to learn only one feed the
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and applied at different orientations so into d. is an
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example uh we have a group of ninety degree rotations
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and we apply the same food at all ninety degrees aren't patients and we
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how the response map that is a that is a thing for each rotation does
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uh and then we can obtain variance base from
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these different responses by pulling on the orientation channels
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in three d. becomes more complex because we have much more ninety degree orientations we have twenty four ninety degree
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rotation the drawbacks of this approach our by a bad it's it's it only works within with the writing the rotations
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and we have a large number of conclusion because we need to apply convolution for every rotated filter
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and these are the two uh drawbacks that we'll address in the
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a method that we developed but first still these between occur variance uh
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first of all it simplifies the learning process so these are features that i learned as i said before
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by using a or a rotation equivalents approach and and uh stand that's
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you know and with the documentation we see that these are completely almost completely
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uh it's a topic that you are not sensitive to edges or basic show basic shapes
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and this makes the the capacity of the network strongly reduced and so these are we can
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see he edges and it may be much more efficient to classify or deep or learn from images
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uh it also increases the transparency sell um in terms of our guard algorithmic just parents
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in the compatibility we have the enforced genetics to to uh in the in the hidden features
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um that that in that uh uh results in
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a predictable transformation of the in activation so when we
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have a rotation of the image you have the image i in reply rotational here
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and then we have a a feature work convolution that is written
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to but you get uh the the the operator on the match
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it is we know that it would be this the
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same result as a first converting the image and rotating
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uh the results so we have basically parents to work to audition and distract uh makes
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the the model the model more transparent so we know that
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we controlled the responses uh based on the in on the input transformations
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and the feature maps become functions off a x. of the the look
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at the location the the spatial location and the location of the image
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so we can finalise that uh depending on which orientation channel would have responded
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we can allies that are uh that the the the response that only us
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it also improve the post talks but b. t. so here we show um
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a stand that's it's l. rotated digits and faces and the class activation map that has been
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presented a lot and we see that post and that's you know and it is less stable
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uh then if we have location agree violent responses so that the
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important region is much more stable with this architecture of rotation equipments
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in both cases so we we we always focus on the same part of the region a region of the image
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it it indicates more stable representations and better understanding of what what
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is happening in the in the network so now this was uh
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uh the work that was done previously because or other researchers and was for global rotation environs and
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we'll talk about local rotation violence in we use
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methods with three d. stable features that are present talk
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what is book rotation parents we have an example in two d. but remember that we work in three d.
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uh medical imaging we have local structures that appear at various rotations for
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example in this image we see that uh we have directions here that are
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this to have the same pattern but that'll occur at all different orientation who would like to
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detect these as one single a pattern and treat
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them all together uh as the same uh information
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and generally we don't need global rotation variance as we would need in in image
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net in normal object uh recognition tasks because we usually have a controlled setting in which
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uh we know that we will uh acquire the the body for example in
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a certain direction and we don't expect but they should at least be controlled piece
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so we have the need for local rotation invariance working parents uh uh
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that we will uh also describe it better in this image so we have
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uh i mean pretty much with three simple buttons and the response map three part that three same uh
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responses here if we have group rotation violence neither if we were to be much
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the the responses what they that but if you wrote that we have
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local rotation right environs we rotate inside the the the image the small patterns
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and we have the same uh response so this is the local rotation parts
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so as a summary of our our approach uh we so this is in three d. uh images
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we we we can board with a set of basis filters instead of a learning three d. features entirely
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and uh we don't features in the span of
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these of these uh basis features the spherical harmonics
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and then we can stay here the responses by the combination of the responses
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to our bases features are going more details but is to be given other people
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once we have we uh steered responses to responses for features that different orientations
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remarks pool uh the responses topping local rotation environs
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and we can train this network and to and weaves stand out a a optimise us so this
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is sorry we have first we had the data plantation with us and that's you know and we
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then these sort of features then we had a good a currency and and what we input
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uh we we feature with what they did versions of the features
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and now what we propose instead of of filtering with what they diversions
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we've we can board with the set of bases filters
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and we can recombine them to obtain responses that any orientation
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so what are these stable features um data base we based on strike
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and harmonics so they take harmonics foreman ultimate backspaces on this fee at
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we can base interpret it as the extension of secular how many switches it's similar to that
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for you bases on onto the sphere so we have a function on this here and uh
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uh also there's this for the harmonics it's shaken how many so organised by degrees and
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and all the m. so this is for the first
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degree a degree zero o. d. one degree two and um
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the the these days is when we when when the number of degree tends to within two infinities
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these bases ease dance in the sense that we can read by combining
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these bases features we can represent any uh any function on the sphere
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ah now how do we form three feet is
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using these basis usually form collapsible separable if stable filter
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by using a set and a number of degrees that really need to act that an
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and it is a function uh so we we have this function of this on
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this feel that is the the how many here and we combine them really uses colours
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the the coefficients for each a harmonic and we project these
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function of the sphere into three d. volume by uh using
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that um uh rachel profile that is function of uh of
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the distance to the centre instead of a function of this here
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so this forms a three d. filled up uh the speed
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the f. and this is what we use in our convolutional network
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uh so this parametric representation instead of a normal three feet the good thing is with the speaker is that we can
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stay it in in the sense that if we modify these coefficients here we can obtain it at any orientation we want
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uh so we can bore of uh the input by the uh the features here the h. y.
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and we can obtain the response to feed that in your
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addition ah by simply steering this is a standard uh a simple
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um matrix multiplication that is very efficient we obtain at a new addition we want here all in three d.
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uh so impact is we have more people uh features as we would have in this
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in this you know and different if each outputs a written to buy these uh index i
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so different reading profiles h. r. i. and coefficients you
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the benefit of these that also we reduce the number of trainable parameters because we only learn the radio profile that is one d.
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and coefficients colour coefficients instead of a big three d. uh feed
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we have to have a limited number of convolution because we don't need control fried
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or rotated versions of the kind of the only control with a basis with this
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then we must put on the on patient after the first day or two up in
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this local rotation environs so obvious response of the the first layout is locally rotation in heart
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uh and then we followed this first layer bias but i global
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average putting ah understand out fully connected a is for for them
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cutting cage now the experiments uh we have to we experiments on two
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data set one is a a c. d. that they decide that we created
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we have different uh buttons that we'd manually uh rotate and put in different classes
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uh we make it uh we we add some by ability to
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introduce overlapping interpolation different density that bring some challenge to the data set
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and a second data set is the three d. c. t. promote that primary noted classification
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so we want to classify b. nine from malignant remote
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remote i noted this out slices from the three buttons
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um so what we seem mostly that that three c. n. n. is a stand that's you know and uh uh
00:15:09
three d. c. n. and we see that when we increase the number for inflation because we
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can steal the responses that in your annotation we want when we increase the number of orientations
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we increase the the accuracy of our network we also
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have a significant a drastic reduction of number of parameters
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this is very shallow network but we managed to have very good accuracy with only forty commenters in this case
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and this is on the snow to vote a data set on the upper i noted classification we have a bit the same uh
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results when we increase the number of foreign patients of all of it is the accuracy increases but it's utter
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it's a bit before so business data set may not
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need very uh a very precise is uh on station sampling
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but the good thing is when we increase the number of rotation we don't increase the number
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of parameters so we we can really be very uh how varied than sampling of our on patients
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so to get back to the um to the transparency idea we we
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showed before that uh the data the prior on data symmetry can be
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uh including between the see the the networks to
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increase the transparency so we have really responses full
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fall a special uh locations of the input images but also for
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annotations of uh of the patterns that are in the in the image
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we have to develop the the set three d. locally rotation vines and then use instead of features
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that's significantly reduce the number of parameters and meets the number of compulsions
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the the compose ability is increasing also i i mention translation rotation but we also have
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responses for different frequencies thanks to l. uh uh
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a basis of uh of of a second harmonics
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so we can if we can understand what are the frequency that responded
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most and this can give us information on how the network uh works
00:17:09
in future work we uh we are considering calculating
00:17:12
environs from the harmonics instead of having to ski uh
00:17:15
or two on patients and use non polar separable features but there's not much time to discuss

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