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Introduction of Gillian Einstein
Gillian Einstein, University of Toronto, Canada
Tuesday, Dec. 12, 2017 · 9:28 a.m. · 10m 37s
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and i i want to thank the organisers um for inviting me
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to their this is incredibly important occasion and i'm really
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wowed by what's going on in european union in this was that so i'm really happy to be part of this
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so today i want you to hold on to your hats i'm gonna take you wanna whirlwind tour
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of um sex and gender um the history of sex differences research
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um issues of how you incorporate gender into research and a little
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bit of my own so get ready so we already had
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very nice description um of the difference between sex and gender and this is just as a picture
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that the institute of gender and health at the university uh in the uh in canada
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has made showing on your left um gender aspects of women's of people's
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lives in on your right and sex aspects of people's lives and
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um i'll just reiterate gender are the really social cultural it's not just
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how you identify as a as a person or your sexuality
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but it's also your constraints in life it's also your your um your environment
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and sex or the biological factors like jeans hormones et cetera
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we start thinking about sex differences this is a picture frame beach and i'm sure
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you never thought when you came today you would see a picture frame beach
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he's a scientist uh who started working very hard in the nineteen thirties
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to understand the differences between male and female rodent behaviour
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she really wanted to understand how formants affected behaviour
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and through the and and his students weekly understand that um
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female sexual behaviour really started uh both female and male sexual behaviour really started in
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development under the influence of jeans whether you have a an x. x.
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a two x. chromosomes or would you have an x. y. chromosome and on the right you might see two axes but
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that's a mistake should be an x. y. and a factor and then why from some code as r. y.
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turns on the production of a testosterone which
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interesting enough gets converted to ask
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region in males and it's almost exclusively asked region at least in rodents
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that produce mail like behaviour that black rodent there
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lounging the white female that's male sexual behaviour
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and even the female behaviour could be shifted engine mounting if
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the female cat testosterone early in development or got obstructions
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and because they saw this difference in behaviour years scientists begin to
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resent it must be in the brain that's what mediates behaviour
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and so there were many studies uh across the fifties sixties seventies and even eighties
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looking at sections of the brain trying to see if there were differences
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yeah and a brain regions and this is a study like we've eleven are not back in the eighties
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and i'm just gonna if you don't mind and walk over and when something out one option ah
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how are those big neurons do not exist in the female section on the right
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and this is what they call the sexual time worth isn't really straightforward cleans sex difference
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and there are many kind of cream sex differences in romans but i
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will say in humans as we've taken this idea forward to humans
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they're not so many differences exactly back clear and so we think of it more as
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differences in humans rather than two different for insert i'm worth is and and um
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in humans in runs it's very clear that during development there are differences in in development
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um between males and females and in humans there some but not really as strong
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the ones we focus on nowadays are primarily brain response differences
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activation of left or right handed spheres especially in motion
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differences in state of depression difference is it stated alzheimer's disease
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and when we think about sex differences inhumane conditions we can see that's
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a as has already been pointed out today some human conditions are
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significantly different in wet and then and then so much um
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multiple sclerosis a brain disorder more common in women
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mood disorders you'll hear later more common where then stroke recovery actually better than women
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but don't mean disorders like parkinson's attention deficit disorder schizophrenia they're actually stronger
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a man or a more common as it is traumatic brain injury
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so i want to bring your attention now to gender because these are sex differences about
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that we don't know actually whether the some of the sex differences might not
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not originate in sort of developmental origins but might actually
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i'm calm as a result of life itself
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so you're going here today also about caregivers um in alzheimer's
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disease but the average caregiver is a forty nine year
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old woman who works outside of all this is gender much more expected of women to be caregivers that man
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she provides twenty hours a week of unpaid character her mother and what we the rest
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but you can imagine now have this kind of social situation might actually sat a threshold for
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biological changes so for example there in studies of
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um of jeans and had jeans change
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in women who are caregivers and under the stress of care giving as well as
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a jeans that mark aspects of jeez that mark a gene like some years
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it's telling or shortening in women who have get care uh to children with disabilities
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so i want you think now looking at this allusions visual illusion
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it starts in gender even though we separate them for purposes of discussion and purposes of experiments
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it's sex and gender actually parts so separable that they're like this at the pollution when you look at
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one way it's two women facing each other and you look at it another way it's of days
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yeah always twinkling in it out of each other and that's because this is my
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circuit of the human human brain regions because the world gets into the brain
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it gets into our senses it gets and through life experience and
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life experience itself is a brain change it changes neural circuits
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and so one has to think about that and i think it's really important to consider gender
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i shaping biology just nationally as jeans and problem
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shape biology so think sex and gender
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so very briefly when i think about sex and gender i think about
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as virgins seventy beta as dire as an actor of sax
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um and the ovaries which are um is it in this in this picture to the right
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which includes the uterus on the floppy into the ovaries or the prime maker uh asked regions humans
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however well the ovaries themselves are sacks because
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the reproductive organs they are definitely gender
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we think of its ovaries as only useful for um for
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reproduction in rent and when they're no longer useful for
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reproduction we don't really have much compunction about taking them
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out so we take them out for many reasons
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and in the united states well the removal of ovaries in
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here is about six hundred thousand annually in when
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about fifty percent of those include taking out the flow into
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and if you look at this brain with regions that are
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affected in alzheimer's disease that are also sensitive to hostages
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you could see that multiple regions of the brain might suffer due to the
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removal of the ovaries and the primary source of instructions for women
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and in fact some of those regions are they kept a
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switch is affected in alzheimer's these four quartets et cetera
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so this is what i'm interested in i'm interested in how the
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removal of ovaries prior to matter part actually end up affecting
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um cognition and memory in women so um it's very hard to see
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on the slider wonder if i could produce an hour i cannot
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um the the um blue a line going from
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a on this graph is actually online showing
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the decrease in cognition a global cognition schoolwork in women had
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their ovaries removed before the age of thirty eight
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and it's much steeper than the worms line up i have
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of went into bit with their ovaries until old age
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and in fact i'm is when you have their ovaries removed before the age of forty eight
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plaque horton is higher and um tango version burden is higher on autopsy
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um and these are hallmarks of alzheimer's disease and in fact the when and
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uh that uh have a higher incidence in fact of all
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that but it particularly of alzheimer's and parkinson's the match
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so um well uh who was the first to report um this change
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in the way in with any weather ovaries removed before natural menopause
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broker show has this um question basically what happens between
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the removal of the ovaries before matt applause
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and and cognitive decline in like alzheimer's disease and there are
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many factors that will feed into it like jeans of
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yeah and gender um but what happens along that pathway and in fact that's what we're studying in my lap
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so when we started when when you have their ovaries removed before the age of forty five we see
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that memory in these women verbal memory actually it's significantly
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worse then in there an age matched controls
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and when we um ask is this something that progresses over time or does it
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just get worse when you remove the ovaries insist that it stays the same
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we fine yes it does progress over time and in fact the blue line
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shows that you carry a risk factor g. for alzheimer's disease april before
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your decrease over time is much deeper than if you just had your
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ovaries removed so genes interact as well as um hormone i'm lost
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so um in fact it's really important than to consider
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sex engender when you're thinking about when a sprained
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health and i would say man's brain health as well um uh and to consider the effect
Conference Program
Welcome Words
Maria Teresa Ferretti, President, Women's Brain Project
Dec. 12, 2017 · 8:48 a.m.
Welcome adress
Françoise Grossetête, member of the European Parliament
Dec. 12, 2017 · 8:55 a.m.
Presentation of the day
Sylvia Day, Forum host and WBP ambassador
Dec. 12, 2017 · 9:01 a.m.
Introduction of Elena Becker-Barroso
Elena Becker-Barroso, Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet Neurology
Dec. 12, 2017 · 9:21 a.m.
230 views
Introduction of Gillian Einstein
Gillian Einstein, University of Toronto, Canada
Dec. 12, 2017 · 9:28 a.m.
Introduction of Else Charlotte Sandset
Else Charlotte Sandset, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
Dec. 12, 2017 · 9:39 a.m.
Introduction of Carol Brayne
Carol Brayne, University of Cambridge, UK
Dec. 12, 2017 · 9:44 a.m.
Introduction of Maria Teresa Ferretti
Maria Teresa Ferretti, President, Women's Brain Project
Dec. 12, 2017 · 9:52 a.m.
158 views
Introduction of Liisa Galea
Liisa Galea, University of British Columbia, Canada
Dec. 12, 2017 · 9:56 a.m.
Introduction of Lawrence Rajendran
Lawrence Rajendran
Dec. 12, 2017 · 10:03 a.m.
243 views
Introduction of Thorsten Buch
Thorsten Buch, Director, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science (LTK), University of Zurich, Switzerland
Dec. 12, 2017 · 10:08 a.m.
Introduction of Meryl Comer
Meryl Comer , President & CEO, Geoffrey Beene Foundation Alzheimer's Initiative
Dec. 12, 2017 · 10:59 a.m.
Introduction of Mary Mittelman
Mary Mittelman, New York University School of Medicine, US
Dec. 12, 2017 · 11:05 a.m.
Introduction of Angela Abela
Angela Abela , University of Malta, Malta
Dec. 12, 2017 · 11:13 a.m.
Introduction of Tania Dussey-Cavassini
Tania Dussey-Cavassini, Former Swiss Ambassador for Global Health, Switzerland
Dec. 12, 2017 · 11:20 a.m.
479 views
Introduction of Rajendra Dhamane
Rajendra Dhamane
Dec. 12, 2017 · 11:29 a.m.
Introduction of Sofia Petersson
Dec. 12, 2017 · 1:23 p.m.
Introduction of Raj Long
Raj Long , Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Vice-Chair, World Dementia Council
Dec. 12, 2017 · 1:30 p.m.
200 views
Introduction of Antonella Santuccione Chadha
Antonella Santuccione Chadha , Swissmedic, Swiss Regulatory Agency, Switzerland
Dec. 12, 2017 · 1:32 p.m.
370 views
Introduction of Marsha B. Henderson
Marsha B. Henderson, Food and Drugs Administration, Office for Women's Health, US
Dec. 12, 2017 · 1:36 p.m.
Introduction of Maeve Cusack
Maeve Cusack, European Institute for Women's Health
Dec. 12, 2017 · 1:43 p.m.
Introduction of Hadine Joffe
Hadine Joffe, Harvard Medical School, US
Dec. 12, 2017 · 1:47 p.m.
Introduction of Maria Houtchens
Maria Houtchens, Harvard Medical School, US
Dec. 12, 2017 · 1:55 p.m.
Introduction of Valerie Bruemmer
Valerie Bruemmer, Senior Medical Advisor, Eli Lilly
Dec. 12, 2017 · 2:03 p.m.
Introduction of Malou Cristobal
Malou Cristobal, Polytrauma/ TBI / Vestibular Rehabilitation Program, New York Harbour
Dec. 12, 2017 · 2:08 p.m.
Panel Discussion: Sex and gender in clinical trials for brain and mental diseases – Reconsidering the way we test drugs
Dec. 12, 2017 · 2:12 p.m.
111 views
Wrap up of Panel Discussion 3
Raj Long , Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Vice-Chair, World Dementia Council
Dec. 12, 2017 · 3:23 p.m.
Presentation of Sofia, Robot
Sofia, Robot
Dec. 12, 2017 · 3:28 p.m.
Introduction of Nicoletta Iacobacci
Nicoletta Iacobacci , Singularity University Geneva
Dec. 12, 2017 · 3:32 p.m.
Introduction of Fabrizio Renzi
Fabrizio Renzi, Innovation and Technologies Director, IBM, Rome
Dec. 12, 2017 · 3:36 p.m.
Introduction of Joanna J. Bryson
Joanna J. Bryson , University of Bath, UK
Dec. 12, 2017 · 3:48 p.m.
Introduction of Myshkin Ingawale
Myshkin Ingawale, Facebook
Dec. 12, 2017 · 3:58 p.m.
Introduction of Kathryn Goetzke
Kathryn Goetzke, President, Chief Mood Officer & Founder, The Mood Factory, and Founder, iFred
Dec. 12, 2017 · 4:07 p.m.
Introduction of Nikolaos Mavridis
Nikolaos Mavridis , Interactive Robots and Media Labs, MIT, US
Dec. 12, 2017 · 4:13 p.m.
Panel discussion: Digital biomarkers and new technologies – New tools to support women's brain health
Dec. 12, 2017 · 4:26 p.m.
Closing remarks
Mara Hank Moret
Dec. 12, 2017 · 5:12 p.m.
604 views
