Player is loading...

Embed

Copy embed code

Transcriptions

Note: this content has been automatically generated.
00:00:00
thank you and thank you very much am i think three much nigel um good morning ladies
00:00:06
and gentleman it's an absolute pleasure for me to be here today and i am
00:00:11
to discuss how we can take the cash agenda forward um
00:00:16
we in the european commission and put to clean echo
00:00:19
have had a vision and we have been supporting uh um the
00:00:24
move to watch car cache space and programming for sometime
00:00:29
and this we do in the in the mall channel context of what's at close vision
00:00:35
well the you're paying commissions vision for uh the future of humanitarian aid which is basically
00:00:42
to make it a better to make it more efficient and to make it more effective
00:00:47
within that vision cash is a very important
00:00:51
component uh let me also clarify that
00:00:54
um we see each cash as a component within that
00:00:58
efficiency effectiveness porsche and not the other way round
00:01:03
uh let me um nevertheless start by addressing a number of points that we
00:01:08
ah in the european commission considered important when it comes to cash
00:01:13
first thing is uh to dealing with scaling up cash
00:01:17
echoes humanitarian assistance is increasingly delivered in the form of cash based assistance because we feel
00:01:24
and we have everything evidence to support this that where it
00:01:28
is possible right for the context because you have to
00:01:32
uh take um an important local what the context is where
00:01:36
you want to apply a cash weight is sufficient
00:01:41
and in the best interest of the beneficiaries we should
00:01:43
we should deliver 'em assistance uh via cash
00:01:49
cash is not always the solution any and uh it can be
00:01:53
a big part of a solution but the a it's just
00:01:56
no way of addressing a meeting the particular situation
00:02:02
current three overall only seven percent of humanitarian assistance is delivered in the form of cash
00:02:08
and we're convinced that this percentage can and should rice
00:02:15
um caches an ideal way to meet a wide range of basic needs
00:02:20
we need to design a humanitarian programs in a way that ensures that the potential of cash is
00:02:25
harnessed but that this takes place in a framework
00:02:29
that recognises the integrated nature of humanitarian me
00:02:33
in that it ensures that beneficiaries receive a coherent and i underline coherent because it's
00:02:39
although it seems a logical it's not always uh what happens in product is
00:02:45
a coherent well coordinated response that helps them to survive recover and prosper
00:02:52
when you member states gave that political backing to cash based assistance by
00:02:56
uh endorsing the ten principles that we had that were outline
00:03:01
they come from their vision at e. u. level of cash which it cool have sought to take forward
00:03:08
but the basic practical reasons for working with cash remain
00:03:12
cash is about to committee it's about the choices about flexibility
00:03:18
for beneficiaries in it about greater efficiency value
00:03:23
and a value for money and ultimately improved effectiveness for donors
00:03:28
and for taxpayers in in the current context of
00:03:33
much uh rapidly increasing humanitarian needs and i'm sure many terry made
00:03:39
increasing but not up to speed of the uh the need
00:03:43
we have to look at where we can gain efficiencies in actually addressing those needs
00:03:50
however other important advantages come from using cash
00:03:54
firstly it multipurpose cash response means doing things
00:03:59
differently through joined up programming of assistant
00:04:02
joined assessments coordination of actors and better coordinated targeting in
00:04:07
fact this aspect has been taking 'em up the
00:04:11
crown barking in the context of doing better needs assessment
00:04:15
and better coordination between the um humanitarian act
00:04:20
the best response would be yeah well design context specific
00:04:24
um one which selects the most appropriate mentality all combination of mentality it's it's not it's
00:04:31
uh you just to cash or you just to something else it could
00:04:35
be a palette of different modalities that address uh um the situation
00:04:42
other advantages of cash is that uh the evidence spaces already expensive and shows that
00:04:47
cash space responses are an efficient and effective way to deliver humanitarian assistance
00:04:54
evidence also shows that the lack of coordination in the targeting of penny fisheries
00:04:59
and delivery mechanisms is wasting resources football or something if issues alike
00:05:04
thirdly and let let's not underestimate the challenges that cash
00:05:09
poses on the way we were to work today
00:05:12
already we're seeing a greater role when you act as we're having
00:05:16
a private sector coming we're having links of what
00:05:20
we doing humanitarian with fixed either existing or
00:05:24
uh um i knew you develop national safety a social safety
00:05:28
nets and perhaps a different role of traditional humanitarian act
00:05:33
great to focus on assessment and monitoring unless on the liver
00:05:38
as well as giving greater responsibility to beneficiaries on the one hand but asking that we
00:05:45
on the other hand as donors and humanitarian actors become more accountable to the people we seek to assist
00:05:53
let me turn now to uh the cash guidance note that
00:05:57
uh we have uh you should not long ago
00:06:01
and i want to mention it here because this is part of our vision for
00:06:05
the way we we to human it any tearing assistance and this is um
00:06:10
something i would be focusing more on this afternoon but i just a few words on what we're trying to achieve
00:06:17
yeah cool has been clear and i want to repeat each yeah
00:06:20
that we will continue to find the complete humanitarian response each
00:06:24
is not cash and we drop everything else it is i'm
00:06:28
addressing um the the needs with the best possible way
00:06:34
but uh we're we're implementing large scale cash programs and i emphasise on the large
00:06:40
scale cash programs because i guidance a note is focusing on the walls
00:06:46
ed delivering cash to people who are caught up in protracted crises we owe it to the
00:06:51
printer fisheries donors and taxpayers to ensure that these operations at the best value possible
00:06:57
this is why we have so to put the speak cash programs and looks good to
00:07:02
me and to see if we can make them more efficient more transparent more accountable
00:07:07
and i would say also more click here and across situations way way we intervene
00:07:12
we were also like to dealing the entire except court costs fees
00:07:16
from the bottom of the cash to live it and critically consider if
00:07:20
delivery of cash is not the sort of work that requires
00:07:24
uh the expertise of humanitarian actors and and those alone because
00:07:30
um the general idea of the cash node is that you have to
00:07:35
components one component which is the traditional humanitarian work these of the
00:07:40
i can't find any fisheries identifying the needs of those beneficiaries
00:07:44
uh um and uh yeah i'm monitoring and that's
00:07:48
another component which is the actual delivery of the cash
00:07:51
by the by or mobiles all by um
00:07:56
giving people card so we we've separated the technicality of delivering
00:08:01
the cash from that surely if you like humanitarian um
00:08:07
uh aspects so um we see humanitarian act as possible to uh um to
00:08:14
intervene in both components that we recognise that the component dealing with
00:08:19
i'd uh identifying the beneficiaries and identify what needs to be done where we need to too many tearing
00:08:26
expertise uh by definition the other part of the delivery could potentially be done by others as well
00:08:33
we also want to make sure that this is a very uh display expertise of the humanitarian
00:08:38
as well use in that humanitarian pardons work to the strains designing a system to programs
00:08:44
by carrying out the necessary assessment and registration of beneficiaries
00:08:49
and monitoring outcomes in any impact
00:08:53
i uh issues like identify people with special needs and uh all
00:08:59
the other things that have to be put in place
00:09:02
humanitarian act does need to be there to watch over humanitarian
00:09:05
principles and to ensure protection in the broader sense
00:09:10
many of you attended the workshop we held on the cash guidance in brussels recently
00:09:14
and uh we uh help we thank uh all of you that where they
00:09:19
have for the constructive participation and for sharing we you with us your ideas in
00:09:25
fact uh um i think the collective knowledge that was in that room
00:09:30
on cash was impressive because uh everybody from
00:09:35
all all the um different organisations
00:09:38
where they at that i actually expert in cash and help us identify
00:09:43
issues that potentially we still have to work on with with respect to the not
00:09:48
let me assure you that we we have taken a good note of the feedback we
00:09:53
received and we're working on um politically addressing some of the things that's the
00:10:00
let's say we're not um clearly identified in the in the guidance
00:10:04
will knock easy addressed the guide and in order to um
00:10:08
to have a guy does note that leaves let's say last
00:10:12
question marks and we hope to have that available
00:10:16
and circulated in in time for the twenty eighteen hips
00:10:21
probably sometime in september or so uh let me now turn to
00:10:26
a topic that's those of you who who was um
00:10:29
may have maybe have heard me talk in the past when now and this is one of
00:10:33
my favourite topics with a show of innovation and technology which i truly believe that
00:10:39
the way we do humanitarian so far has to a large extent um
00:10:45
you can maud technological developments that are actually influencing other parts
00:10:51
of the way we live and work in in other
00:10:53
areas and cash basis system is probably the last 'cause
00:10:57
thimble innovation to have come along in recent years
00:11:02
um some of this evening to technology some is more on at the systems like on
00:11:09
let's look at the technology first cache has benefited from atlanta
00:11:13
scene biometric technologies such as i can out system
00:11:16
which delivers financial assistance to refugees using u. h. u.
00:11:20
n. h. c. r.'s by mighty registration data
00:11:24
in fact last week i was in uganda um and visited the west
00:11:28
nile um in the onus west nile the communion that be
00:11:32
which uh houses which chances which uh yeah um
00:11:37
basically has south sudanese uh refugees um and it
00:11:43
was quite impressive to see how this
00:11:45
and that the processing all the uh new our new arrivals will come in
00:11:50
apart from having a medical taking a chip cops vaccination for the kids
00:11:56
then they do would proceed to prior metrics registration also tickets and
00:12:01
by the way so far they're only doing one with one for a fingerprints any was um
00:12:08
identified a potentially this is not enough to identify the people of also
00:12:12
there now considering going to tend think it um identification but uh
00:12:19
even in that camp in that situation with such massive influx of refugees i think there's
00:12:25
two three thousand people coming across the border per day having the by metric uh
00:12:31
registration is helping to clearly identify how many people
00:12:35
are there and um and to follow
00:12:39
uh those people throughout when the move toward the settlements will um other things yeah
00:12:45
uh going back to the uh technology clout based solutions uh also
00:12:50
suggest that you have peace digital pen a fishery in transfer
00:12:54
management platform uh are important the scope system a mobile
00:12:59
miami which uh has been used more and more
00:13:02
and uh technological um innovations like the plot chain technology
00:13:07
which uh offers exciting possibilities for the fuel was um
00:13:12
for a new developments with respect to a cash i don't uh
00:13:18
i think that we can continue to to large you know
00:13:23
technology in the way we do um humanitarian
00:13:27
and if there's one area way it technology can be used even
00:13:31
more than in others is with respect to uh to cash
00:13:40
so
00:13:42
the other the other major thing that technology helps is the visa v. better registration
00:13:48
and um we all know that in a lot of situations they are practical difficulties
00:13:54
in in identifying who the pain if we should we should be in identifying
00:13:59
uh people that try to lead to abuse the system of registration
00:14:04
so having technological means of doing the registration is by two
00:14:09
it we have seen a lot of projects that when we have buyer metrics
00:14:13
the number of people that um the number of printed fisheries
00:14:17
has dramatically decreased because you get rid of the
00:14:21
people that time benefit um more than once
00:14:25
these technological advances supply not just in cash they apply regardless of the way
00:14:30
we deliver assistance and help us to ensure pet a more effective assistance
00:14:35
we saw this way clearly in response to the typhoon that hit a less track um
00:14:41
and the philippines the high on a typhoon at the end of
00:14:44
twenty thirteen working closely with national registration and delivery systems
00:14:49
those who needed help received it quickly with cash the
00:14:53
catalyst of the kick start local lactic started local
00:14:56
market the cup uh people back uh into normal taking
00:15:01
over quickly from the initial in kind response
00:15:05
cast is an innovation and it disrupts the present system
00:15:10
it is wraps it because it breaks the link between the living and the rest of the humanitarian work e. forces
00:15:17
court cooperation and coordination between exits and this is much needed
00:15:24
he sees a beneficial as someone with a set of basic needs that need to
00:15:28
be mad and with the right to choose how best to prioritise those me
00:15:33
it does not fragmented people to suit our fragmented silent humanitarian well
00:15:39
we'd have a tendency to see people from our each individual perspective
00:15:44
if we're doing washed and we see people that was part
00:15:47
of the needs of each individual but individual has or movies um
00:15:51
collective needs to get it and i'm working through cash
00:15:56
um helps us to see the whole person and not the
00:15:59
part of the person we are particularly interested in addressing
00:16:05
but innovation equals challenge the interagency standing committee
00:16:09
recognise this when they commission the
00:16:11
world bank to look at options to scale up the use of cash
00:16:15
some of these challenges are operational and technical side just
00:16:19
had to get ready to prepare for cash programs
00:16:22
but the most sensitive areas concern how to ensure a
00:16:26
more comprehensive incoherent response to the tool christ
00:16:32
rest assured that european commission vision is not one way d. a.
00:16:36
um existing humanitarian last kate it's turned on its head
00:16:41
but it is however division where the existing humanitarian lasted
00:16:45
works to its trains and comparative advantage just
00:16:49
let me look at let us look at some examples we have a already seen others land landscape might take shape
00:16:56
for example in turkey emergency social safety net
00:17:00
i. s. s. n. program we where
00:17:03
we of financing um three hundred and forty eight million uh euros um
00:17:10
to address the needs of refugees in in in in turkey is an exceptional program forever i to read
00:17:17
however it shows us how for large scale cash operations we
00:17:22
need to think differently interacting with or at least
00:17:26
mirroring national safety net systems in insisting on greater efficiencies
00:17:33
even in context that we will be in the past have found don't things such as somalia
00:17:38
providing assistance in the form of cash scale has led to better coordination among apartments
00:17:44
greater harmonisation of registration data the transfer value in the delivery mentality
00:17:49
as well as join monitoring an overall improvements in effectiveness and efficiency
00:17:55
if one looks at the penetration of mobile phones in somalia
00:17:59
the of the figures are really impressive uh i think a um a
00:18:04
than the access to mobile phones per capita is probably high that
00:18:09
a lot of the developed world any one also looks at somalia visa v.
00:18:15
how much money some ideas we use has in in its own budget
00:18:19
these are the how much money some money i get from remittances
00:18:23
i think the the budget of some ideas about three hundred to three
00:18:26
hundred and fifty million remittances into somebody is one point four b.
00:18:31
e. so it's four times higher asked delivering uh i'm fine eight
00:18:38
through um mobile phones also enables potentially some of these um
00:18:44
uh people to people transfers to take place because once you have a
00:18:48
system they once you have the technology that you can transfer
00:18:53
funds to an individual uh that individual can receive also phones from
00:18:59
his or her constant theme in in other countries there for bringing
00:19:04
in more potential uh funds that we as humanitarian though
00:19:08
uh i don't also or or implement as could ever imagine to deliver to somalia
00:19:14
in iraq we also we are also seen the type of harmonisation that we witness in somalia
00:19:21
great to use of cash cash as the first line response and links with the national social safety
00:19:28
let me also mention the topic which sometimes felt to be overlooked when we think of cash
00:19:33
this is all more relevant as we engage in the revision of this via standard
00:19:38
i don't care for of course the quality of humanitarian interventions into ensuring their responses not only
00:19:44
provided in a dignified way but that it meets the standards on which we collectively agree
00:19:51
we see no conflict and i hope you know complete between a comprehensive quality response
00:19:56
and a cash response but here again we need to think differently or perhaps
00:20:01
perhaps have a different vision to the one that has driven
00:20:04
our effort until now at perfect wash respond this great
00:20:09
but if the very funny fisheries starving we don't too much complete shout response is also great
00:20:16
but not at this span expensive basic health care to prevent diarrhoea
00:20:20
of colour we're currently seeing a enormous amounts of um
00:20:26
an enormous numbers of people we've struck by colour in various parts
00:20:31
of the world including somali including m. so you cannot um
00:20:37
look at specific aspects of the individual what i was saying before you have to look at all the needs to get
00:20:43
the message in a vision is clear we need to ensure that we are responding to what beneficiaries need
00:20:49
not simply providing a preconceived idea at all what we think people meet
00:20:56
cash helps us to the it's a contribution to the needs of
00:20:59
funny fisheries based on an assessment that covers all meet
00:21:03
and delivered in a way that allows them if we should use to take charge of their lives is we feel
00:21:09
the best way to ensure quality response the one that is truly responsive to meet
00:21:14
this means that we will still need to support uh to support services cash is not going
00:21:20
to be a solution to basic health care services for example not not would it appealed
00:21:26
to it would help to uh put a wash infrastructure in place it's not the way
00:21:31
that uh you can achieve that result but they all have to work closely together
00:21:38
and we need to accompany cash interventions with awareness raising any information
00:21:43
so that any fisheries i helped to make informed decisions
00:21:47
about how to allocate the scarce resources they have
00:21:53
the uh using technology also to have um
00:21:57
to provide cash particularly if it's true mobile and telephones
00:22:02
also allows the possibility to access individuals and get feedback
00:22:07
from the individuals or whether they're receiving the
00:22:10
the uh the cash payments we're talking about and potentially have some
00:22:14
feedback on whether or not uh that is meeting them it
00:22:17
so it allows also the possibility of having better feedback from the
00:22:22
penny fisheries on the quality of the eight we're provide
00:22:28
because all of it has also been fully supportive of the normative work that it's essential
00:22:33
if we had to put in place a solid framework around cash paid assistance
00:22:38
and a lot has been done in this context but a lot still needs to be done
00:22:43
and i know that help has been at the forefront of making sure that these
00:22:48
uh this further analysis and this for the normative were
00:22:53
well i'm normative work on the mat and bolts of cash uh is looked into this is
00:22:58
work in progress and uh we welcome the role that count piece is doing actually um
00:23:05
putting a a further elements on the normative aspects of it
00:23:11
so last but not least i want to turn to the ground bargain and uh
00:23:15
uh this is uh something that we collectively um
00:23:20
signed a year ago in to see how cash fifteen within that context
00:23:26
this forum takes place in a cut in collaboration with the crime barking or which cash has been a central part
00:23:33
perhaps the crime back in could have gone further in support of cash they're still close to bolster
00:23:38
evidence even though cash must be one of the most well studied parts of humanitarian aid
00:23:45
but there are still persist and we have to listen to them they're
00:23:50
still a level of discomfort with cash that needs to be addressed
00:23:54
in my view it's more of a initial
00:23:57
solid communication about cash rather than evidence
00:24:01
but potentially we should consider continuing to provide more evidence as well as communicating debt
00:24:09
in fact a week ago i was actually in this for saying knew
00:24:13
where we were discussing the one year uh of the uh um
00:24:18
um crammed barking and we where we the the call
00:24:22
signatures collectively presented the uh first the uh um
00:24:27
report on what has happened on the ground barking and of course
00:24:32
uh progress on cars is part of that a whole uh agenda
00:24:38
it could itself is committed to a target of thirty five percent of humanitarian
00:24:42
assistance to be delivered in the form of cash by twenty eighteen
00:24:47
we we yeah actually uh applied advanced in the number in the percentage way delivering with
00:24:53
a cash but we still continuing to look at for the possibilities to expand
00:25:00
let me end by coming back to the bottom line a cash based
00:25:03
assistant basically means that more assistant repair reaches directly the beneficiaries
00:25:09
we think that for large scale operations we can move towards a ninety percent efficiency
00:25:15
they that means that for every hundred euros that uh l. of eight
00:25:20
ninety euros i actually uh reaching the beneficiaries in
00:25:24
only ten percent ten you was going into
00:25:28
various uh management another another cost on top of um what we're doing
00:25:35
for all the reasons mentioned above forty committee choice flexibility for the beneficiaries
00:25:41
for the need to have less silent responses for more comprehensive
00:25:45
response for more funds reaching the beneficiary cash makes sense
00:25:51
personally i find it a compelling reason to continue to work with cash
00:25:55
into good idea to have a vision that makes this possible
00:25:59
before i answer i want to to a mention that i'm here with
00:26:03
a colleague of mine who is are we call a um
00:26:07
lead on cash which is matthew case which is um who is the main contact fall

Share this talk: 


Conference Program

Opening
Nigel Timmins, Humanitarian Director, Oxfam International and Chair of CaLP Board
June 28, 2017 · 9:09 a.m.
316 views
287 views
Formal Welcome
Manuel Bessler, Assistant Director General and Head of Humanitarian Aid Department, SDC
June 28, 2017 · 9:48 a.m.
375 views
Looking to the future: Social Cash Transfer in Response to Ebola in Liberia
Gabriel Fernandez, National Social Protection Coordinator, Liberian Government
June 28, 2017 · 9:56 a.m.
106 views
Looking to the future : Panel introduction
Christina Bennett, Head of the Humanitarian Policy Group, ODI
June 28, 2017 · 9:56 a.m.
118 views
Looking to the future : MasterCard perspective
Ian Taylor, Vice President, Business Development, Government & Public Sector, MasterCard
June 28, 2017 · 10:12 a.m.
290 views
Looking to the future : International Relations perspective
Jennifer Welsh, Professor and Chair in International Relations, European University Institute and Senior Research Fellow, Somerville College, University of Oxford
June 28, 2017 · 10:30 a.m.
Q&A - Looking to the future
Panel
June 28, 2017 · 10:37 a.m.
Operational Modalities : Panel introduction
Ben Parker, Senior Editor, IRIN
June 28, 2017 · 11:08 a.m.
209 views
Operational Modalities : Sri Lanka experience
Sithamparapillai Amalanathan, Secretary, Ministry of Disaster Management, Sri Lanka
June 28, 2017 · 11:10 a.m.
160 views
Operational Modalities : Turkish experience
Orhan Hac?mehmet and Jonathan Campbell, Resp: Coordinator Of Kizilaykart Cash Based Assistance Programmes, Turkish Red Crescent - Deputy Country Director, WFP, Turkey
June 28, 2017 · 11:21 a.m.
456 views
Operational Modalities : Zimbabwe experience
Abel. S. Whande, Team Leader, Cash Transfer Program, Care International in Zimbabwe
June 28, 2017 · 11:36 a.m.
246 views
Operational Modalities : UNHCR experience
Waheed Lor-Mehdiabadi, Chief of Cash-Based Interventions, UNHCR
June 28, 2017 · 11:45 a.m.
306 views
Q&A - Operational Modalities
Panel
June 28, 2017 · 12:01 p.m.
Scaling Up Cash In East Africa : Panel introduction
Christina Bennett, Head of the Humanitarian Policy Group, ODI
June 28, 2017 · 1:32 p.m.
Scaling up Cash in East Africa: Nisar Majid
Nisar Majid, Independent Researcher, Consultant and Visiting Fellow, Feinstein International Centre, Tufts University
June 28, 2017 · 1:32 p.m.
145 views
Scaling Up Cash In East Africa : ADESO perspective
Deqa Saleh, Cash and Social Protection Advisor, ADESO
June 28, 2017 · 1:46 p.m.
240 views
Scaling Up Cash In East Africa : WFP perspective
Ernesto Gonzalez, Regional Advisor for cash-based programmes, WFP Bureau for Central and Eastern Africa
June 28, 2017 · 1:52 p.m.
264 views
Scaling Up Cash In East Africa : Relief International perspective
Alex Gray, Global Humanitarian Director for Relief International
June 28, 2017 · 1:58 p.m.
380 views
Cash Barometer and community perspectives of CTP in Afghanistan
Elias Sagmiester, Programme Manager, Ground Truth Solutions
June 28, 2017 · 2:35 p.m.
First long-term trial of a Universal Basic Income, Kenya
Joanna Macrae, Director, European Partnerships, GiveDirectly
June 28, 2017 · 2:44 p.m.
Changing from a pipeline to a platform
Paula Gil Baizan, Global Humanitarian Director Cash-Based Programming, World Vision International
June 28, 2017 · 2:51 p.m.
163 views
Grand Bargain and GHD cash work streams
Emily Henderson, Humanitarian Adviser, DFID
June 28, 2017 · 3:02 p.m.
269 views
Donor Perspectives : Panel introduction
Thabani Maphosa, Vice President for Food Assistance, World Vision International, World Vision US
June 28, 2017 · 3:39 p.m.
330 views
Donor Perspectives : ECHO vision
Androulla Kaminara, Director, DG ECHO
June 28, 2017 · 3:42 p.m.
126 views
Donor Perspectives : Office of Policy and Resources Planning's vision
Paula Reed Lynch, Director, Office of Policy and Resources Planning, Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
June 28, 2017 · 3:49 p.m.
Donor Perspectives : Norway vision
Ingunn Vatne, Minister Counsellor and Head of the Humanitarian team, Permanent Mission of Norway in Geneva
June 28, 2017 · 3:58 p.m.
109 views
Donor Perspectives : DFID vision
Patrick Saez, Senior Adviser, Humanitarian Policy and Partnerships, DFID, UK
June 28, 2017 · 4:08 p.m.
208 views
Donor Perspectives : Centre for Global Development vision
Jeremy Konyndyk, Senior Policy Fellow, Centre for Global Development
June 28, 2017 · 4:22 p.m.
118 views
Q&A - Donor Perspectives
Panel
June 28, 2017 · 4:39 p.m.
Closing Remarks
Alex Jacobs, Director, CaLP
June 28, 2017 · 5:27 p.m.